MLA
Style Sheet
MLA Style Sheet |
| The information contained on this worksheet is compiled from the MLA Handbook, 5th
Edition, A Writer's Reference by Diana Hacker, and the MLA web site at www.mla.org.
For additional information, please see the MLA Handbook. |
Contents |
| Section
1: Books |
1. Single author
2. Two or three authors
3. More than three authors
4. With an editor
5. With an author and an editor
6. A translation
7. A corporate author
8. An unknown author
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| Section 2: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries and Other Reference Works |
9. Encyclopedia or dictionary
10. Work in an anthology
11. Article in a multivolume work
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| Section 3: Periodicals |
12. Articles in a weekly or monthly magazine
13. Articles
in scholarly journals
14. Articles in newspapers |
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Section 1: Books |
1. Single Author: A single author citation includes the author's last name, the name of the book,
and the publication information.
Pollard, A.J. Richard III and the Princess in the Tower. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1991.
2.
Two or Three Authors: Cite the authors as they appear on the title page, not necessarily in alphabetical
order; reverse the name of only the first author.
Rico,
Barbara, and Sandra Mano. American Mosaic: Multicultural
Readings in Context. Boston: Houghton, 1991.
The
names of three authors are separated by commas.
McPhee,
William, Bernard R. Berleson, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. Voting.
Chicago:Univ.
of Chicago Press, 1959.
3.
More than Three Authors: Cite only the first author, name reversed, followed by "et. al." (Latin
for "and others").
Pelikan,
Jaroslav, et. al. Religion and the University. Toronto: Univ. of
Toronto Press,
1964.
4.
A Book With an Editor: After the name or names, use the abbreviation "ed." for "editor"
or "eds." for "editors."
Anaya,
Rodolfo, and Francisco Lomeli, eds. Aztlán: Essays on the
Chicano Homeland. Albuquerque:
Academia-El Norte, 1989.
5.
A book With Both an Author and an Editor: Begin with the author and title, follwed by "Ed." and the name of the
editor. Use "Ed." (for "Edited by") for one or more editors.
Franklin, Benjamin. The
Autobiography and Other Writings. Ed.
Kenneth Silverman. New
York: Penguin, 1986.
6.
A Book that is a Translation: List the entry under the name of the author, not the translator. After the title,
write "Trans." (for "Translated by") and the name of the translator.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, The
Brothers Karamazov. Trans. Constance
Garnett. New
York:
Modern Library, 1929.
If
the work of the editor or translator is being discussed or cited, his or her name
comes first in the entry.
Garnett,
Constance, trans. The Brothers Karamazov. By Fydor
Dostoevsky. New York: Modern Library, 1929.
7.
A Book with a Corporate Author: List the entry under the name of the corporate author, even it if is also the
publisher.
American
Medical Association. The American Medical Association
Encyclopedia of Medicine.
New York: Random, 1989.
8. A Book With an Unknown
Author: Begin with the title. Alphabetize the entry by the first word
of the title other than "a,""an," or" the."
The Times Atlas of the
World. 9th ed. New York: Times, 1992.
|
Section
2: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Other Reference Works |
9.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary: List the author of the entry (if any), the entry heading or title, the title of
the encyclopedia or dictionary, the edition number (if any), and the date of the
edition.
"Croatia." The New Encyclopeida Britannica: Micropaedia. 1991.
If
a reference work is not well known, provide full publishing information as well.
Trainen, Isaac N., et. al.
"Religious Directives in Medical Ethics."
Encyclopedia ofBioethics.
Ed. Warren T. Reich. 4 vols. New York:
Free Press, 1978.
10.
Work in an Anthology: Begin with the author an the title of the selection; then give the title and the
editor of the anthology. After the publishing information, give the page numbers
on which the selection appears.
Synge,
J.M. "On an Anniversary." The New Book of Irish Verse. Ed.
Thomas
Kinsella.Oxford:
Oxford UP, 1986. 318.
11.
Article in a Multivolume Work: Include the number of volumes befroe the city and publisher, using the abbreviation
"vols."
Doyle,
Arthur Conan. The Oxford Sherlock Holmes. Ed. Owen Dudley
Edwards.9
vols. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.
If
your paper cites only one of the volumes, write the volume number before the city
and publisher and write the total number of volumes in the work after the date.
Doyle, Arthur Conan. The
Oxford Sherlock Holmes. Ed. Owen Dudley
Edwards.Vol.
8 New York: Oxford UP, 1993. 9 vols.
If
the material comes from a multivolume work that was published over a period of
several years, give the inclusive dates.
Churchill,
Winston s. A History of the English Speaking Peoples. 4 vols.
New York: Dodd, 1956-58.
If
the material comes from a multivolume work that is still in progress (new volumes
are being added every year), write "to date" after the number of volumes
and leave a sapce after the hyphen that follows the beginning date.
Bradley, A.C. "Essay
on Macbeth, 1904." Shakespearean Criticism. 23
vols. to date.Detriot,
MI: Gale Research, 1984-.
|
Section
3: Periodicals |
Note:
For magazine articles, journal articles, or newspaper articles received from an
online source, see the information under Online Resources---Magazine (ezine) or
Work from a Subscription Service (i.e., Electric Library, OCLC, ProQuest, Newsbank,
Gale Group, or SIRS.)12.
Articles in a Monthly or Weekly Magazine: For
an article in a weekly or monthly magazine, list the author's last name, the name
of the article in quotation marks, the name of the magazine (underlined), the
date, and the page numbers. Do not give the volume numbers and issue numbers even
if they are listed.
Allman,
William F. and Betsy Wagner. "Climate and the Rise of Man."
U.S.
News andWorld
Report 8 June 1992:
60-67.
Murphy,
Cullen. "Women and the Bible." Atlantic Monthly Aug. 1993:
39-64.
13.
Articles in Scholarly Journals: If
the article appears in a journal with continuous paging (the first issue begins
with page 1, ends on page 198; the next issue begins on page 199), give the volume
number followed by the year of publication (in parentheses), a colon and the page
numbers.
Clark,
Herbert H., and Thomas H. Carlson. "Hearers and Speech Acts."
Language 58
(1982): 332-373.
If
the article appears in a journal that does not number pages continuously but begins
each issue with page 1, add a period and the issue number directly after the volume
number.
Barthelme,
Frederick. "Architecture." Kansas Quarterly 13.3 (1981): 77-
80.
14.
Article from a Newspaper: List the author's last name, the name of the article, the name of the publication,
and the date. Include the edition, preceded by a comma, after the date. If a section
number is needed, include it after the edition. If the page designation includes
a section, give the pagination as it appears (C1, meaning section C, page 1).
Goldberg, Vicki. "Photographing
a Mexico Where Silence Reigned."
New York Times 23 Mar. 1997, late ed., sec. 2: 39+.
Greenberg, Daniel S. "Ridding
American Politics of Polls." Washington
Post 16
Sept. 1980: A17.
|
Section
4: Non-print Media |
15.
Radio or Television Programs: Include the program title (underlined), the network, the local station and its
city, and the date.
Making
Sense of the Sixties. WTTW, Chicago. 21-23 June 1992.The
First Americans. NBC News Special. KNBC, Los Angeles. 21 March
1998.
16.
Videotapes, filmstrips, and slide programs: This kind of citation begins with the title (underlined) and includes the medium,
the distributor, the year, and the physical characteristics (such as size, length,
etc.). Other information (such as director, performers, writer, etc.) can be included
if they seem pertinent.
Alcohol
Use and Its Medical Consquences. Slide program. Milner-
Fenswick, 1982.
46 slides.It's
a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra.
Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore,
and Thomas
Mitchell. 1946. Videocassette. Republic, 1988.
17.
Interviews: In citing
a personal interview, give the name of the interviewee, the kind of interview
(personal or telephone), and the date.
Dreyer,
Richard L. Personal interview. 24 January 1992.
Iacocca,
Lee. Telephone interview. 9 December 1989.
If
you are citing an interview conducted by someone other than yourself, include
the publication information for the appropriate medium by which you obtained the
interview.
Blackmun,
Harry. Interview with Ted Koppel and Nina Totenburg.
Nightline. ABC.WABC,
New York. 5 Apr. 1994.
|
| |
Much
has changed since the evolution of online resources has begun. Each year new materials
become available online, and the standard for citing these changes has also evolved.
In general, you should provide the following information for a World Wide Web
Resource:
- author's
name (if known)
- title
of document, in quotation marks
- site
description
- date
of publication or last revision
- date
of access
- URL
in angle brackets <>
If your word processor automatically changes your web addresses to hyperlinks
(addresses are in color highlights with a different font), go to Tools, select
Autocorrect, click on the Autoformat tab, and remove the check on hyperlinks in
this menu. 18.
General Web Site: A general web site citation should include the author's name (if known), the title
of the article or section of the page, the title of the main page, the date of
the last update, the date of access, and the URL.
Harris, Jonathan G. "The
Return of the Witch Hunts." Witch Hunt
Information Page. 19
April 1997. 19 Nov. 1997
<http://web.mit.edu/harris/www.fells.short.html>.
19.
Article in an Online Reference Database (online encyclopedias, Current Biography,
Grolier, Britannica, or Facts on File): An online reference database should include the author's name (if known), the
article title, the title of the reference database, the version number (if known),
the date of issue for the database (if known), the publisher of the database,
the date of access, and the URL.
"Fresco." Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1 Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia
Britannica. 29
March 1997 <http://www.eb.com:180>.
20.
Work from a Subscription Service (Electric Library, OCLC, Proquest, Newsbank,
Gale Group, and SIRS): A work from a subscription service should contain the author's last name, the
name of the article in quotation marks, the name of the magazine, journal or newspaper
in which the article was originally published, the date of the original publication,
the page number of the original publication, the name of the subscription service,
the name of the provider of the subscription service, the location of the subscription
provider, the date of access, and the URL.
Koretz,
Gene. "Economic Trends: Uh-Oh, Warm Water." Business Week
21
July 1997: 22.
Electric Lib. Zion-Benton Township High School
Library, Zion,
IL. 17 Oct. 1997 <http://www.elibrary.com/>.
21.
Personal Site: A
personal web site citation should include the name of the page's author, the statement
that it is a personal site (Home Page), the date of access, and the URL.
Lancashire,
Ian. Home Page. 1 May 1997
<http://www.chas.utoronto.ca:8080/~ian/index.html>.
22.
Article in a Magazine (ezine): An article from an online magazine should include the author's last name, the
name of the article in quotation marks, the name of the magazine (underlined),
the issue date of the magazine, the date of access, and the URL.
Landsburg,
Steven E. "Who Shall Inherit the Earth?" Slate 1 May
1997. 2 May 1997 <http://www.slate.com/Economics/
97-05-01/Economics.asp>.
23.
Article in a Journal: An online journal citation should list the name of the author, the name of the
article in quotation marks, the name of the journal (underlined), the volume and
issue number of the journal, the date of the journal, the number of paragraphs
included in the article (if paragraphs are numbered in the online text of the
journal), the date of access, and the URL. Note that journal articles originally
published in print format and available online through a subscription service
should be cited according to the subscription service format.
Flannagan, Roy. "Reflections
on Milton and Ariosto." Early Modern
Literary Studies. 2.3
(1996): 16 pars. 22 Feb. 1997
<http://unixg.ubc.ca: 7001/O/e-sources/ems/02-3/flanmilt.html>.
24.
Book: A book citation
should list the author of the book, the name of the book, the name of the web
site on which the book may be found, the editor or director of the site (if applicable),
the date of the last update, the date of access, and the URL.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative
Life of Frederick Douglass. Boston,
1845. 30
Jan 1997 <gopher://gopher.vt.edu: 10010/02073/1>.
25.
Poem: A poem citation
should list the name of the author, the name of the poem in quotation marks, the
name of the primary work in which it may be found, the editor of the parent page
(if applicable), the date of the last update, the date of access, and the URL.
Nesbit, Edith. "Marching
Song." Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism.
London, 1908.Victorian
Women Writer's Project. Ed. Perry Willet.
Apr. 1997. Indiana U. 26 Apr.
1997
<http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/nesbit/ballsoc.html>.
26.
Scholarly Project: A
scholarly project (one that hosts other sites, providing a link to other scholarly
information regarding similar topics), should list the name of the project, the
primary editor or director of the project, the date of the last update, the date
of access, and the URL.
Victorian
Women Writers Project.
Ed. Perry Willet. Apr. 1997. Indiana
U.26
Apr. 1997 <http://www.indiana.edu/~letters.vwwp/>.
27.
Professional Site: A
professional site should list the name of the parent page, the sponsor of the
page, the date of the last update, and the URL.
Portuguese
Language Page. U of Chicago. 1 May 1997
<http://humanities.uchicago.edu/romance/port/>.
28.
Posting to a Discussion List: A posting to a discussion list should include the name of the author, the title
of positing, the type of entry ("online posting"), the date the posting
was made, the name of the listserve on which the posting was placed, the date
of access, and the URL.
Merrian,
Joanne. "Spinoff: Monsterpiece Theater." Online posting. 30
April 1994. Shakesper: The Global Electronic Shakespeare Conf. 27
Aug. 1997
<http://www.arts.ubc.ca/english/iemls/skak/MONSTERP_SPINOFF.txt>
29.
Email: An e-mail
documentation should list the name of the author, subject of the email in quotations,
a description of the message that includes the recipient (e.g., "E-mail to
the author"), and the date the e-mail was sent.
Boyle,
Anthony T. "Re: Utopia." E-mail to Daniel J. Cahill. 21 June
1997.
30.
Government Publication: A government publication should list the name of the author, the title of the
publication, the type of document it is, the date the document was issued, the
date of access, and the URL.
Bush,
George. "Principles of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers
and Employees."
Executive Order 12674 on April 12, 1989 (as
modified by E.O. 12731).
Part 1. 26 Aug. 1997. 18 Nov. 1997
<http://www.usoge.gov/exorders/eoll2674.html>.
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Section
6: In-Text Citation |
When
using source information in the context of your paper, a combination of signal
phrases and parenthetical references should be used. In a nutshell, the rule is
simple: if you use a signal phrase (introducing the source information with a
phrase that includes the author's name) a parenthetical reference after the information
should include the page number. If you do not use a signal phrase with the author's
name, the parenthetical reference includes both the author's last name and the
page number. Example: Signal phrase: Evan Hadingham discusses Stukeley's theory concerning the building of Stonehenge
by the native British people and asserts that this structure may be the work of
the ancient Druids, or priests (43). No
signal phrase: Stukeley
supposed the building of Stonehenge to be the work of the ancient Druids, who
were the priests of the native British people (Hadingham 43). Note:
There is no comma between the author and the page number in this in-text citation. Both of these in-text
citations refer the reader to the following entry on the list of works cited:
Handingham,
Evan. Early Man and the Cosmos. New York: Walker,
1984.
If you are citing more
than one work by the same author, add a shortened title to the parenthetical citation
(ex: Handingham, Early Man 43) so that the reader can tell to which entry on the
list of works cited he/she should refer. If
you are citing from a multi-volume work, include a volume reference: The influence of the
Judeo-Christian tradition on the typical physician's views of euthanasia has caused
much anguish in the medical community (Trainen 3: 45). This
indicates that the material is cited from volume 3, page 45 of the following work:
Trainen,
Isaac N., et. al. "Religious Directives in Medical Ethics."
Encyclopedia
of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T. Reich. 4 vols. New York:
Free Press, 1978.
Internet sources rarely
have fixed page numbers or paragraph numbers. If your source lacks numbering,
you have to omit numbers from your parenthetical references. Use only the author's
last name. If, however, the author is also unknown, use an abbreviated title within
the parenthetical reference. This
information was taken from the MLA web site (with no author), so to give an in-text
citation for the above information, we could include the information in a parenthetical
citation (MLA Style FAQ). If
your source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering (such as numbering
of paragraphs), cite the relevant numbers. Give the appropriate abbreviation before
the numbers. For example, (Moulthrop, pars. 19-20) as an in-text reference for
a world wide web source, written by Moulthrop, indicating that paragraphs 19 and
20 were cited. If
you have further questions, consult the MLA Handbook or see the IMC Coordinator.
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July 23, 2008 7:30 PM
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Online Resources
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